Annual Report 2000 - 2001

Autonomous Institutions

International Advanced Research Centre For Powder Metallurgy And New Materials (ARCI), Hyderabad

The year 2000-2001 was a momentous year for every one of us at ARCI for a number of reasons. A record number of technologies were transferred to industries during the year earning substantial revenue for ARCI. More importantly, a number of new and exciting technologies have been identified for development in the coming years. During the year, Centre for Laser Processing of Materials (CLPM) representing a unique facility and this also became part of ARCI. With the addition of sophisticated Nd-YAG laser to the existing 2Kw and 9Kw CO2 lasers, this centre will have the capability to carryout a wide range of laser processing operations and is the only one of its kind in the country. The major accomplishments of ARCI are listed below:

Detonation Spray Coatings (DSC)

Technology Recipients: M/s. Shafel Tech., Chennai, M/s. Associated Plasmatron, Mumbai, M/s. Sai Surface Technologies, Hyderabad

• Numerous DSC applications have been established catering various sectors such as aerospace, automotive, mining, power etc.
  
• The technology has been successfully indigenised by ARCI, which includes the design and fabrication of DSC guns and optimization of process parameters.
  
• Five prototype DSC guns have been fabricated and tested for performance and reliability.
  
• Three DSC technologies have been transferred for establishing job shops. The necessary financial support has been received from TDB and TIFAC under their HGT programme.

Magnesium Aluminate Spinel (MAS)

Technology Developers: ARCI and M/s. MPR Refractories, Hyderabad

Technology Recipient: M/s. MPR Agglomerates, Hyderabad

• Technology has been successfully developed for sintered MAS aggregate with high bulk density and the process know-how package has been handed over to M/s. MPR Agglomerates.
  
• TDB has provided Rs. 490/- lakhs financial assistance for commercialization of indigenous technology a plant of 6000 TPA capacity at a total project cost of Rs. 21 crores is being set up at Kakinada, A.P.

Heat Pipes

Technology Recipient: Asian Electronics Limited, Bombay

• Technology for design and manufacture of heat pipes, a very efficient device for heat transfer has been developed at ARCI.
  
• Heat pipe heat sinks suitable for use in rectifiers have been fully developed.
  
• Asian Electronics Limited have signed an agreement for both technology transfer and lease of equipment belonging to ARCI.

Catalytic Convertor For Automobile Exhaust Emission Control

Technology Codeveloper & Recipient: M/s. Nimra Cerglass Technics (P) Ltd., Hyderabad

• ARCI has developed the technology for the manufacture of ceramic honeycombs used in catalytic convertor and an agreement was signed with M/s. Nimra Cerglass for technology transfer.
  
• The catalytic convertor developed under this programme was tested by various OEMs for diesel engines at ARAI, Pune and found to be meeting the existing emission standards in force.
  
• The Nimra Cerglass Ltd. has submitted a project proposal to TIFAC under HGT programme for the establishment of a semi-commercial plant at ARCI Technology Park.

Electro Spark Coatings (ESC)

Technology Recipients: 8 companies in India

• Two models of ESC units designed and fabricated.
  
• ARCI has transferred eight ESC modules out of which 4 modules were transferred during the reporting period.

Ceramic Crucibles For Carbon And Sulphur Analysis

Technology Recipient: M/s. Advanced Ceramics, Hyderabad

• The ceramic crucibles developed by ARCI have been extensively field tested at several R&D organizations and industries and were found to be at par with the imported crucibles.
  
• The technology has been transferred to M/s. Advanced Ceramics and a commercial plant is being set up by them with the financial support from TIFAC under HGT programme.

Ceramic Honeycomb Based Energy Efficient Air Heater

Technology Codeveloper & Recipient: M/s. Aerotherm, Hyderabad

• ARCI has developed the technology for the manufacture of ceramic honeycombs based energy efficient air heaters and a technology transfer agreement has been signed with M/s Aerotherm.
  
• These air heaters are capable of saving upto 30% of the electric energy.
  
• TIFAC has sanctioned Rs. 5 lakhs as a grants-in-aid under TePP programme to M/s Aerotherm as a support for the implementation of this invention.

Ceramic Molten Metal Filters

Technology Recipient: M/s. Quality Technologies, Hyderabad

• The cordierite-mullite molten metal filters were developed by ARCI and successfully field tested by M/s. Quality Technologies.
  
• A semi-commercial plant for the manufacture of 3 lakhs cordierite-mullite filters per year (project cost Rs. 100 lakhs) is being set up by M/s. Quality Technologies.

Iron Powder For Coating Of Welding Electrodes

Technology Recipient: M/s. Feralco Pvt. Ltd, Indore

• Iron powder suitable for coating on welding electrodes has been developed by ARCI.
  
• The process employs sponge iron lumps as the input material, achieving over 97% iron content in the final powder.
  
• A plant of 360 TPA is being established at Indore, based on ARCI technology.

Alumina Tiles

Client : M/s. Hoffman Engg. & Marketing (P) Ltd., Ahmedabad

• The cost-effective technology for 93-94% alumina wear-resistant tiles using indigenous raw materials has been developed by ARCI for use in thermal power stations as liners.
  
• About 50 tiles with required specifications have been supplied to M/s. Hoffman for carrying out field trails.
  
• The techno-economic viability of the project has been established.

PM Grade Iron Powder From Sponge Iron

Client: M/s. Hytech Blue Metal, Hyderabad

• Technology developed for two-stage reduction of iron powder from blue dust.
  
• In the first stage high purity sponge is obtained by carbothermic reduction of blue dust. In the second stage crushed sponge iron is reduced and annealed, and further subjected to fine grinding and magnetic separation.
  
• The resultant powder is a very high grade iron powder suitable for PM application with low C, O, high compressibility and green strength.

Exfoliated Graphite And Its Value Added Products

• Technology established for exfoliation of graphite and its subsequent conversion into rolled sheets and pressed shapes with and without reinforcement.
  
• Technology for the use of graphite seals during rail wheel casting has been successfully developed for Wheel and Axle Plant, Bangalore.
  
• ARCI, in association with M/s. Sankar Sealing Systems, Chennai, is in the process of developing graphite based cylinder head gaskets for Tata Indica Car of M/s. TELCO, Pune.

Direct Reduction Of Fine Iron Ore

Client : M/s. Hyderabad Batteries Ltd. (HBL), Hyderabad

• ARCI has established the hydrogen reduction annealing process to produce fine size (<30 mm) iron powder starting from blue dust.
  
• ARCI has developed pyrolytic grade iron powder for M/s. HBL for the thermal batteries used in integrated guided missile systems.
  
• ARCI has supplied samples of direct reduced fine iron powders to M/s. AF Technologies to assess their suitability as a cost effective raw material substitute, for making MIM components.

Combustion Synthesis Of High Quality MoSi₂ Powder

Client : M/s. MHI Inc., U.S.A.

• A combustion synthesis process (3kgs/batch) has been developed for MoSi2 powder.
  
• The MoSi2 powder produced at ARCI is under evaluation at M/s. MHI, Inc. for its suitability to manufacture heating elements and structural components.
  
• Once the product meets the required specifications, M/s. MHI proposes to establish a commercial plant for the manufacture of MoSi2 powder.

Sintered Silicon Carbide (SSC)

• Process parameters optimized to develop high density SSC discs for space mirror applications.
  
• 60 samples of SSC pellets and 20 numbers of SSC discs have been supplied for assessing the suitability for mirror application.
  
• SSC pump seals with different types of grooves, have been developed and 80 nos. of SSC seals have been supplied to NTB Hi-tech Ceramics, Pune for field trials.

Reaction Bonded Silicon Carbide (RBSC)

• The complete technology for manufacturing of RBSC seals has been developed and the technology is ready for transfer.
  
• Development of RBSC mirror substrates for space application is underway.

Copper Commutators

• A semi-automated PM method of manufacturing commutators has been developed at ARCI.
  
• Compared to conventional processing method of assembly of machined segments, the PM process of manufacturing minimizes machining and improves quality, and is economically more viable.
  
• Technology for commutators suited for automotive starter motors has been fully developed.

Stainless Steel Filters

• Technology for manufactureuof ttainless steel filters has been developed at ARCI.
  
• Filter design, based on pore size distribution- permeability correlations has been established.
  
• Filters ranging from disc shapes to long cylindrical shapes, have been developed with stop-off pores ranging from 5 mm to 50 mm.
  
• Small quantities have been supplied against specific orders.

Heat Pipe Based Solar Energy Drier

Sponsor: Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources, New Delhi

• Heat pipe based solar energy drier has been developed by ARCI under sponsorship from Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources.
  
• Solar energy falling on collector trays is transmitted into a drier chamber by means of heat pipes.
  
• The unit can be used for drying agro products.

Diamond-Like Carbon (DLC) Coatings

• Process parameters have been optimized for deposition of the DLC films with good interfacial adhesion, on variety of substrates such as Al, 7075-A, Ti-6Al-4V, WC-Co and Mo using indigenous equipment based on RF power source.
  
• Possibilities are being explored to develop applications for DLC coatings on cutting tools, surgical blades, medical implants, magnetic discs, video-recording heads etc.

Micro-Arc Oxidation (MAO)

• MAO facility has been established at ARCI for coating components upto 100 sq.cm in surface area.
  
• Preliminary work has indicated that MAO coating exhibits high hardness (1300-2500 VHN) and also excellent tribological properties.
  
• Optimization of process parameter to obtain the best combination of properties is underway.

Combustion Synthesis Of AlN From Al Scrap

• An economical process for the synthesis of AlN from Al scrap has been developed using the Self Propagating High Temperature Synthesis (SHS) route.
  
• Efforts are underway to find applications for AlN as refractory material.
  
• The use of AlN powder for thermal spray application is also being explored.

Evaporation Boats For Metallizing Industries

• Process parameters have been optimized for the selected composition to obtain the optimum properties.
  
• Prototype supplies made to M/s. Sureshik Corporationp Mutbai for field trials at their end for metallising with Nickel.

Processing Of Materials Using Concentrated Solar Beams

• Institute of Material Science, Uzbekistan has gifted a 1.5 KW solar furnace to ARCI under Indo-Uzbek cooperation in Science and Technology.
  
• The solar furnace has been commissioned and exploratory studies have been carried out for thermal treatment of ceramic oxides.
  
• Preliminary studies pertaining to surface modification of steels have been also conducted using above facility.

Laser Materials Processing

• Laser-based manufacturing technologies available at CLPM have been utilized for several industrial applications.
  
• Profile cutting of titanium bone plates for maxilloficial, dental and cranial implants has been successfully demonstrated and is a continuing source of revenue generation for CLPM.
  
• Laser welding of solenoid valves has also been well -proven and the Centre has been able to extend its services to several firms which were hitherto heavily dependent on electron beam welding.

Jawaharlal Nehru Centre For Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore

The objectives of the Centre covering research and teaching activities of its faculty, a wide variety of extension programmes, and support to seminars and discussion meetings, have been actively pursued and strengthened.

The Summer Research Fellowship Programme continues to receive a very large number of applications, around 3000 each year. In 2000 nearly 160 fellowships were awarded, including renewals from 1999. The entire programme is run with direct collaboration of DST and the Rajiv Gandhi Foundation.

The student strength has now reached 50, including Ph.D., Integrated Ph.D. and M.Sc (by research) streams in different subject areas.

During 2000 - 2001 the Advanced Material Research Laboratory was formally inaugurated by Prof. Murli Manohar Joshi, Minister for HRD and Science & Technology, Government of India.

The Centre has invited six internationally recognised scientists to be associated with the Centre as `Distinguished Fellows'.

Support from the Centre was given to about 20 Discussion Meetings, some organised in collaboration with the Indian Institute of Science. Six Visiting Fellowships were awarded to faculty and scientists from different Universities and Institutions to collaborate with the Centre's faculty. Under the programme for Scientists from developing countries 9 scientists were offered fellowships to work at selected Indian Institutions.

The number of Sponsored Research projects currently being pursued at the Centre has reached 25.

Raman Research Institute, Bangalore

The Raman Research Institute founded by Prof. C. V. Raman in the late forties was reorganised, after his death in 1970, as a national institute for research in basic science and it has been receiving grants from the Department of Science & Technology of the Government of India since 1972. The main research areas are Theoretical Physics, Optics, Liquid Crystals, and Astronomy & Astrophysics.

Theoretical Physics (TP)

Quantum gravity and Black holes

• The meaning of diffeomorphism invariance in a Hamiltonian formulation of gravity is clarified. It is shown that diffeomorphism invariance of a constrained Hamiltonian formulation comprises two distinct requirements, which are spelled out and illustrated in specific contexts.
  
• It is shown that in Barbero's Hamiltonian formulation (which is the basis of loop quantum gravity), a gauge interpretation for the connection variable is inconsistent with the requirement of four dimensional diffeomorphism invariance and marks a departure from the gauge description of gravity.
  
• The conjectured Penrose Inequality between the mass of a gravitational system and the area of apparent horizons is being investigated using the Witten identity.
  
• A radiating black hole is viewed as a quantum open system subject to dissipation. Work is in progress to consider the backreaction of black hole radiation including its fluctuations and formulate a fluctuation-dissipation relation (FDR) in the same sense as used in statistical mechanics.
  
• Stochastic modifications to the renormalization group (RG) equations -- generated by deriving the RG equations from a coarse grained effective action where the quantum fluctuations of wavelengths shorter than a critical value have been integrated out -- for a self interacting scalar field in a Minkowski spacetime have been obtained.

Gravitational radiation and Numerical Relativity

The calculations to compute the gravitational wave polarisations for compact binaries on elliptical orbits have been completed and the power in various harmonics estimated. More checks were made to confirm the correctness of the moments required to compute the 3PN accurate energy flux from inspiralling compact binaries.

Optics

The problem of calculating the dwell time for a wave in a scattering potential has been re-examined and a procedure proposed by which the literal `sojourn' time can be clocked by the imaginary potential using an `apodized' growth of the wave.

Condensed matter physics

• To understand the nonequilibrium state of heat conduction in classical many-body systems by studying hard sphere systems in one and two dimensions. Issues relate to the problems of diverging thermal conductivity in one dimension, the presence of local equilibrium, anomalous temperature profiles and finite size effects in this nonequilibrium system.
  
• To understand the low energy spectrum of the Heisenberg ferromagnetic chain some more exact results have been obtained and the problem reduced to finding properties of zeros of the orthogonal polynomials.
  
• A class of many-body systems whose dynamics and late time steady state behaviour arises as a complex interplay between driving, dissipation and inertia has been investigated. The simplest system is a driven Heisenberg magnet where the spins precess in response to the local magnetic field and driving is anisotropic. At low temperatures, this system exhibits spatio-temporal chaos, which may be controlled, giving rise to stable steady state spin configurations with broken chiral symmetry.
  
• The statistics of the steady state of a Heisenberg magnet driven by a thermal current produced by sandwiching the system between two heat baths having different temperatures has been studied. The nature of the steady state crucially depends on whether the heat baths allow for a spin current or not.
  
• The equilibrium statistical mechanics of a two-component monolayer/bilayer membrane has been studied. The mean field theory shows a wide variety of modulated phases, which are destabilised by thermal fluctuations.

Biological Physics

• The study of the mechanisms of endocytosis in eukaryotic cells has been an intense field of research, in particular the physical and chemical mechanisms involved in the internalization of GPI-anchored proteins. Experiments using fluorescence energy transfer (FRET) and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) reveal that GPI-anchored proteins are clustered in n-mers via cholesterol. These n-mers are further organised in a pool of sphingolipids. This organisation, identified with `rafts', is shown to be directly involved in the endocytosis of GPI.
• Work on the physical forces, which hold the raft components together, has been carried out. A physical model of rafts consisting of sphingolipids and cholesterol on the cell membrane within the framework of a Landau theory has been analysed, to obtain a shape-texture phase diagram of rafts of a prescribed area. These studies indicate how rafts might lead to membrane budding, a necessary precursor to endocytosis.
  
• The phenomena of fission and fusion of membranes in the internal membrane components of the cell are `active processes' requiring the hydrolysis of ATP and a complex protein machinery. The dynamics, shape instabilities and steady states of a membrane subject to active fission and fusion events have been studied using a Langevin approach. The effect of fusion/fission events on a closed membrane using a dynamical triangulation Monte Carlo simulation has also been studied.

Proposed Research activities for the rest of the year (upto 31.3.2001)

Quantum gravity and Black holes

• In the Ashtekar variable program there is a parameter called the Immirzi parameter, whose significance is not presently clear. This parameter is absent classically but appears in the Quantum theory as a ``Quantisation ambiguity''. Explanations have been offered for its interpretation, but none of these are very convincing. Efforts will be made to understand this new quantisation ambiguity.
  
• The construction of Kruskal coordinates as canonical coordinates for spherically symmetric gravity.
  
• Application of recent work on Fock representations of U(1) holonomy algebras towards an understanding of how gravitons may emerge from non perturbative loop quantum gravity.
  
• Interpretation of the quantum theory of the Hussain--Kuchar model.
  
• To apply the techniques developed earlier to the case of minisuperspace quantum cosmology. The role of the low frequency sector here is played by the homogeneous minisuperspace degrees of freedom and the high frequency modes constitute gravitons, which are integrated out to generate noise terms in the effective action. The RG equations generated may reveal something about running of ``coupling constants" in quantum gravity.

Gravitational waves

• Work on finalising the moments to compute the far zone fluxes to 3PN accuracy will continue. Issues related to any residual undetermined terms will be investigated.
  
• The performance of recently proposed frequency domain filters for inspiralling compact binaries, the SPP approximants, to extract real gravitational signals consisting of an inspiral followed by a plunge will be studied.

Optics

The nature of the dwell times in a scattering potential will be further investigated.

Condensed Matter

• Heat conduction in many-body systems will continue.
  
• Work on Heisenberg Ferromagnetic chains will also continue
  
• On another front studies will continue on the dynamics of solid state transformations in the context of martensites and bainites. A molecular dynamics approach in 2-dimensions to study the square to triangular lattice transformation has lead to a new understanding of the nucleation phenomenon. Quenches across the structural phase boundary reveal two distinct nucleation mechanisms --- a slow quench results in an equilibrium ferrite, while a fast quench obtains a martensite. More detailed work as also analytical work needs to be done in this context.

Biological Physics

• Other problems dealing with active processes in cell biology will be studied. For instance, lipid asymmetry in the bilayer membranes of eukaryotic cells have an important functional role and are maintained by a class of active membrane proteins called fcipases. These flipase activities occur in the plasma membrane as also in a variety of internal membranes like the endoplasmic rlticilum (ER), Golgi and mitochondria. The dynamics of such active lipid flip-flops in a bilayer membrane and determine the steady states and the dynamical instabilities generated by such activity will be studied. There exist another class of flipases in the ER, which do not need ATP for their functioning. These passive flipases also transfer selective lipids across the bilayer. The dynamics of shape and density changes of the bilayer membrane in this context will be investigated. In addition, the effect of active cleaving of phospholipids or transmembrane proteins by lipase proteins will be investigated.
  
• Another novel active process is pore enlargement on nuclear membranes. The inner diameter of the nuclear pore is 3 nm, too small to allow any protein or nucleic acids to go through. Active processes are initiated as soon as selective proteins dock onto these pores, resulting in an enlargement of the pores and consequent drift of protein through the nuclear membrane. The dynamics of this process will be studied.
  
• A general `thermodynamic' theory of active processes will be worked out.
  
• The nonequilibrium statistical mechanics and active processes in biopolymers like the unwinding dynamics of DNA etc., are being studied.
  
• The equilibrium statistical mechanics of semiflexible, chiral polymers embedded on membranes will be studied.

Optics

• The technique of polarisation discrimination was applied to the study of coherent back-scattering from a system of colloidal particles. A much improved signal-to-noise ratio was obtained.
  
• An "optical diode" has been devised, that makes use of the concentration gradients in a dye-scatterer system to permit light propagation in one direction, and to prevent it in the opposite direction. This work will be presented at the International Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (CLEO), in France in September.

Proposed Research activities for the rest of the$year (upto 31.3.2001)

• Study by experiments of light scattering in dye-colloidal systems, with no mismatch in the real parteof phe refractive index. This kind of system has never been studied so far.
  
• The external cavity diode lasers that have been built here will be frequency locked to transitions in 87Rb.
  
• The femtosecond and amplifier systems will be installed and commisioned.

Liquid Crystals (LC)

A large number of compounds composed of banana-shaped molecules have been synthesized. The mesophases exhibited by many of these compounds have been characterized. A carefully engineered binary mixture of rod-like and banana-shaped compounds has led to the discovery of the biaxial smectic A phase. A number of other systems were investigated to obtain the biaxial smectic A phase in a convenient temperature range for carrying out quantitative measurements.

Experimental studies on the thickness dependence of nematic order parameter have been carried out to examine the relationship between the molecular structure and the magnitude of this dependence.

Visco-elastic modes in cholesteric liquid crystals with emphasis on the umbrella and twist modes have been studied experimentally. In the Bragg geometry, these studies have led to dispersion curves of the twist mode in a wave vector regime comparable to the equilibrium wave vector of the cholesteric pitch.

Theoretical investigations on the nonlinear optical (NLO) processes in liquid crystals have been carried out. These studies have led to the following interesting NLO effects; (I) the winding of a cholesteric helix (ii) temporal and spatial oscillations of the cholesteric structure near one edge of the Bragg band (iii) laser induced iridescence and (iv) optical kink states.

Theoretical work on chiral symmetry breaking in lamellar crystals of achiral polymers has been carried out. Investigations on the theory of structural parameters of the TGBA phase has been completed.

Experimental studies on the interaction of the water soluble polymer polyethylene oxide and concentrated solutions of the surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium tosylate have been started. Part of the phase diagram of these mixtures has been constructed. The mixtures exhibit isotropic and hexagonal phases made up of worm like micelles.

The first part of a successive approximation technique for displaying gray shades in LCD is nearing completion. Multiline based restricted pattern addressing technique has been demonstrated for negative contrast mode and a better method of displaying is being fabricated. A general purpose column driver card using epson drivers has been fabricated.

Investigation of the solvent effects on the adsorption of self assembled monolayer has been started. The effect is better manifested in the case of microelectrodes than with normal macroelectrodes. Gold microelectrodes which are fabricated in RRI have been characterized for use in the future.

Proposed Research activities for the rest of the year (upto 31.3.2001)

The synthesis of banana-shaped compounds and the characterization of the mesophases exhibited by them will be continued. The effect of lateral substituents on the mesophases will also be studied. Attempts will be made to synthesize compounds exhibiting the novel UTGBC* phase at relatively low temperatures.

It is planned to take up quantitative measurements on the biaxial smectic A phase discovered in the laboratory. A detailed measurement of the biaxial order parameter as a function of temperature will be carried out. Experiments will also be carried out to study the B1 and B6 mesophases exhibited by bent-core molecules to obtain information regarding the structure of these phases.

The studies on the thickness dependence of order parameter will be continued. It is also proposed to develop a molecular theory of the smectic C to smectic A transition as the models available up to now are not fully satisfactory.

It is proposed to investigate the thermal fluctuation modes in cholesteric liquid crystals and thereby determine the visco-elastic coefficients as functions of temperature. The structure of monolayers, multilayers and 3D domains transferred from air-water interface to solid substrates will be examined. It is also proposed to investigate the wetting and dewetting transitions and also study conformal and non-conformal nature in these films.

The two new nonlinear optical processes that were investigated can lead to new nonlinear effects. It is planned to work out all the implications of these processes. The initial results on beam propagation and spatial solitons in liquid crystals have been encouraging and this work will be continued.

In a collaborative exercise, the statistical mechanics of polymers embedded in a membrane will be worked out.

It is proposed to take up a systematic study on the influence of polymers on the structure and physical properties of concentrated surfactant solutions, by varying the structure and molecular weight of the polymer. The influence of these polymers both on cationic and anionic surfactants will be studied.

Sensitivity analysis for the Hybrid Addressing Technique will be taken up. In addition, development of drive circuit with reduced hardware complexity using sparse orthogonal matrices for multiline addressing technique will be undertaken. Development of the gray scale technique based on successive approximation as well as making 32 x 32 and 64 x 64 LCD will be continued.

It is proposed to fabricate a scanning electrochemical microscope (SECM). It will be used for the characterization of the thiol adsorbed gold and silver electrodes and their behaviour under different solvent systems.

The kinetics of adsorption of thiols on gold and silver will be studied using impedance spectroscopic measurements.

A visiting scientist to RRI, will be setting up a laboratory to investigate self-assembly and electronic conductivity in individual DNA molecules. It is proposed to develop single molecule manipulation methods using optical tweezers mounted on an inverted fluorescence microscope. Some of the experimental interests include, studying the dynamics of individual DNA polymer condensation, the mechanisms of unfolding condensed structure to copy implementation and to explore the possibility of using electronic conductivity of individual DNA molecules to the study of such protein DNA interactions.

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