In Chemistry
"for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP"
Osamu Shimomura | Martin Chalfie | Roger Y. Tsien |
1/3 of the prize | 1/3 of the prize | 1/3 of the prize |
USA | USA | USA |
Marine Biological Laboratory (MBL) Woods Hole, MA, USA | Columbia University New York, NY, USA | University of California San Diego, CA, USA |
b. 1928 | b. 1947 | b. 1952 |
In Physiology or Medicine
"for his discovery of human papilloma viruses causing cervical cancer"
"for their discovery of human immunodeficiency virus"
Harald zur Hausen | Fran-Sinoussi | Luc Montagnier |
1/2 of the prize | 1/4 of the prize | 1/4 of the prize |
Germany | France | France |
German Cancer Research Centre Heidelberg, Germany | Regulation of Retroviral Infections Unit, Virology Department, Institut Pasteur Paris, France | World Foundation for AIDS Research and Prevention Paris, France |
b. 1936 | b. 1947 | b. 1932 |
In Physics
"for the discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physics"
"for the discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature"
Yoichiro Nambu | Makoto Kobayashi | Toshihide Maskawa |
1/2 of the prize | 1/4 of the prize | 1/4 of the prize |
USA | Japan | Japan |
Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago Chicago, IL, USA | High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK) Tsukuba, Japan | Kyoto Sangyo University; Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics (YITP), Kyoto University Kyoto, Japan |
b. 1921 | b. 1944 | b. 1940 |