Yoga which is being promoted all over the world through the observance of the International Yoga Day today, has the potential to reduce problems like Opioid Dependence.
A yoga module has been developed which can be used as a low-cost and low-risk adjunct therapy to reduce substance use among Opioid Use Disorder (OUD) patients.
Opioids are natural, semi-synthetic, or synthetic chemicals that interact with opioid receptors in the body and brain and reduce perception of pain. The terms opioids and opiates are sometimes used interchangeably. Opiate refers specifically to natural compounds derived from the poppy plant, such as heroin or morphine, while opioids may be natural or derived in a lab.
Opioid use disorder is a severe substance use disorder. Dependence may be on prescription opioids (drugs such as codeine, tramadol, tapentadol, morphine) often given to ameliorate pain or street opioids (such as heroin, brown sugar). The body becomes used to opioids and it can lead to severe withdrawal symptoms such as watering through eyes and nose, severe body aches, flu-like symptoms, sleeplessness, anxiety and irritability. With chronic use, it can cause impairment in cognition, sexual dysfunction, severe impairment of social and occupational functions and adds to the financial burden.
In order to find out an alternative to opioids for pain control, a study to develop a yoga module to reduce opioid use was carried out by Dr Hemant Bhargav from Integrated Centre for Yoga, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore.
The yoga for substance use module developed with support from Science and Technology of Yoga and Meditation (SATYAM) programme of DST was tested for feasibility of application through tele-mode and inter-therapist reliability was established.
It was found that yoga increases gamma-aminobutyric acid levels in the brain, as well as oxytocin which contributes in the management of opioid withdrawal symptoms and the attenuation of relapse. It has also been found to be useful in enhancing prefrontal activation, reducing impulsivity and promoting positive behavioural changes with better self-regulation.
In the initial clinical case study with 9-month follow-up, the module was found suitable for bringing relief to patients suffering from opioid dependence.
Subsequently, a randomized controlled trail was performed with 60 subjects divided into two groups. One group performed yoga in addition to standard therapy while another group took up exercise in addition to standard therapy.
After the 12 weeks of intervention, it was observed that subjects in the yoga group were 2.68 times more likely to show negative urine screening for opioids than the exercise group.
The study suggested that yoga can be a useful add-on tool to enhance abstinence and reduce substance use severity in the people with opioid dependence. Besides, the yoga group had significantly better reduction in pain, craving, anxiety and depression and better improvement in quality of life and quality of sleep as compared to the exercise group.
Also, the results showed that OUD patients, when viewing opioid-related cues manifested significantly activated bilateral brain regions. These regions are involved in Salience Attribution (Anterior Cingulate, and Insula) as well as Brain arousal/stress systems in the extended amygdala-hippocampal areas. This suggested a potential mechanism through which yoga reduced craving and improved abstinence. Additionally, the study implied that yoga may reduce ruminations and help people relax better and thereby improve disease patho-physiology.
Thus, yoga may be used as a low-cost and low-risk adjunct therapy to reduce substance use and improve pain, anxiety, depression and quality of sleep and quality of life in OUD patients.
